diff --git a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/datasource/keyword/jieba/test_jieba.py b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/datasource/keyword/jieba/test_jieba.py
index bbdd476914..136ac0c72a 100644
--- a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/datasource/keyword/jieba/test_jieba.py
+++ b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/datasource/keyword/jieba/test_jieba.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import json
 from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import Any
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock
 
 import pytest
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ class _FakeSelect:
         return self
 
 
-def _dataset_keyword_table(data_source_type: str = "database", keyword_table_dict: dict | None = None):
+def _dataset_keyword_table(data_source_type: str = "database", keyword_table_dict: dict[str, Any] | None = None):
     return SimpleNamespace(
         data_source_type=data_source_type,
         keyword_table_dict=keyword_table_dict,
diff --git a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/datasource/test_datasource_retrieval.py b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/datasource/test_datasource_retrieval.py
index 8b104597a8..0baf85c314 100644
--- a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/datasource/test_datasource_retrieval.py
+++ b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/datasource/test_datasource_retrieval.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import Any
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, call, patch
 from uuid import uuid4
 
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ def create_mock_document(
     doc_id: str,
     score: float = 0.8,
     provider: str = "dify",
-    additional_metadata: dict | None = None,
+    additional_metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Document:
     """
     Create a mock Document object for testing.
diff --git a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/indexing/processor/test_paragraph_index_processor.py b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/indexing/processor/test_paragraph_index_processor.py
index d4b987c832..7ae0da03ff 100644
--- a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/indexing/processor/test_paragraph_index_processor.py
+++ b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/indexing/processor/test_paragraph_index_processor.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import Any
 from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 
 import pytest
@@ -71,7 +72,9 @@ class TestParagraphIndexProcessor:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="No rules found in process rule"):
             processor.transform([Document(page_content="text", metadata={})], process_rule={"mode": "custom"})
 
-    def test_transform_validates_segmentation(self, processor: ParagraphIndexProcessor, process_rule: dict) -> None:
+    def test_transform_validates_segmentation(
+        self, processor: ParagraphIndexProcessor, process_rule: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
         rules_without_segmentation = SimpleNamespace(segmentation=None)
 
         with patch(
@@ -84,7 +87,9 @@ class TestParagraphIndexProcessor:
                     process_rule={"mode": "custom", "rules": {"enabled": True}},
                 )
 
-    def test_transform_builds_split_documents(self, processor: ParagraphIndexProcessor, process_rule: dict) -> None:
+    def test_transform_builds_split_documents(
+        self, processor: ParagraphIndexProcessor, process_rule: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
         source_document = Document(page_content="source", metadata={"dataset_id": "dataset-1", "document_id": "doc-1"})
         splitter = Mock()
         splitter.split_documents.return_value = [
diff --git a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/indexing/processor/test_qa_index_processor.py b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/indexing/processor/test_qa_index_processor.py
index b1b1835a52..bfae9001b7 100644
--- a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/indexing/processor/test_qa_index_processor.py
+++ b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/indexing/processor/test_qa_index_processor.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import Any
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch
 
 import pandas as pd
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ class TestQAIndexProcessor:
             processor.transform([Document(page_content="text", metadata={})], process_rule={"mode": "custom"})
 
     def test_transform_preview_calls_formatter_once(
-        self, processor: QAIndexProcessor, process_rule: dict, fake_flask_app
+        self, processor: QAIndexProcessor, process_rule: dict[str, Any], fake_flask_app
     ) -> None:
         document = Document(page_content="raw text", metadata={"dataset_id": "dataset-1", "document_id": "doc-1"})
         split_node = Document(page_content=".question", metadata={})
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ class TestQAIndexProcessor:
         mock_format.assert_called_once()
 
     def test_transform_non_preview_uses_thread_batches(
-        self, processor: QAIndexProcessor, process_rule: dict, fake_flask_app
+        self, processor: QAIndexProcessor, process_rule: dict[str, Any], fake_flask_app
     ) -> None:
         documents = [
             Document(page_content="doc-1", metadata={"document_id": "doc-1", "dataset_id": "dataset-1"}),
diff --git a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/retrieval/test_dataset_retrieval.py b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/retrieval/test_dataset_retrieval.py
index 1b17cbc368..508fe80e2b 100644
--- a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/retrieval/test_dataset_retrieval.py
+++ b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/retrieval/test_dataset_retrieval.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import threading
 from contextlib import contextmanager, nullcontext
 from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import Any
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch
 from uuid import uuid4
 
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ def create_mock_document(
     doc_id: str,
     score: float = 0.8,
     provider: str = "dify",
-    additional_metadata: dict | None = None,
+    additional_metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Document:
     """
     Create a mock Document object for testing.
@@ -2021,7 +2022,7 @@ def create_mock_document_methods(
     doc_id: str,
     score: float = 0.8,
     provider: str = "dify",
-    additional_metadata: dict | None = None,
+    additional_metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Document:
     """
     Create a mock Document object for testing.
@@ -4091,7 +4092,7 @@ def _doc(
     dataset_id: str = "dataset-1",
     document_id: str = "document-1",
     doc_id: str = "node-1",
-    extra: dict | None = None,
+    extra: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Document:
     metadata = {
         "score": score,
diff --git a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/retrieval/test_dataset_retrieval_methods.py b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/retrieval/test_dataset_retrieval_methods.py
index 48782515d0..90feb4cf01 100644
--- a/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/retrieval/test_dataset_retrieval_methods.py
+++ b/api/tests/unit_tests/core/rag/retrieval/test_dataset_retrieval_methods.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from typing import Any
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch
 from uuid import uuid4
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ def create_mock_document(
     doc_id: str,
     score: float = 0.8,
     provider: str = "dify",
-    additional_metadata: dict | None = None,
+    additional_metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Document:
     """
     Create a mock Document object for testing.
diff --git a/api/tests/unit_tests/services/rag_pipeline/test_rag_pipeline_dsl_service.py b/api/tests/unit_tests/services/rag_pipeline/test_rag_pipeline_dsl_service.py
index 6813a1bf2a..434a99b5ae 100644
--- a/api/tests/unit_tests/services/rag_pipeline/test_rag_pipeline_dsl_service.py
+++ b/api/tests/unit_tests/services/rag_pipeline/test_rag_pipeline_dsl_service.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-from typing import cast
+from typing import Any, cast
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock
 
 import pytest
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ def test_append_workflow_export_data_filters_credentials(mocker) -> None:
         "services.rag_pipeline.rag_pipeline_dsl_service.DependenciesAnalysisService.generate_dependencies",
         return_value=[],
     )
-    export_data: dict = {}
+    export_data: dict[str, Any] = {}
     pipeline = Mock(id="p1", tenant_id="t1")
 
     service._append_workflow_export_data(export_data=export_data, pipeline=pipeline, include_secret=False)
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ def test_append_workflow_export_data_encrypts_knowledge_retrieval_dataset_ids(mo
         "services.rag_pipeline.rag_pipeline_dsl_service.DependenciesAnalysisService.generate_dependencies",
         return_value=[],
     )
-    export_data: dict = {}
+    export_data: dict[str, Any] = {}
     pipeline = Mock(id="p1", tenant_id="t1")
 
     service._append_workflow_export_data(export_data=export_data, pipeline=pipeline, include_secret=False)
diff --git a/api/tests/unit_tests/services/test_audio_service.py b/api/tests/unit_tests/services/test_audio_service.py
index af8fc1e84f..83258fd1b7 100644
--- a/api/tests/unit_tests/services/test_audio_service.py
+++ b/api/tests/unit_tests/services/test_audio_service.py
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ Tests available voice retrieval:
 - text_to_speech: Enables TTS functionality
 """
 
+from typing import Any
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, create_autospec, patch
 
 import pytest
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ class AudioServiceTestDataFactory:
         return app
 
     @staticmethod
-    def create_workflow_mock(features_dict: dict | None = None, **kwargs) -> Mock:
+    def create_workflow_mock(features_dict: dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs) -> Mock:
         """
         Create a mock Workflow object.
 
@@ -128,8 +129,8 @@ class AudioServiceTestDataFactory:
 
     @staticmethod
     def create_app_model_config_mock(
-        speech_to_text_dict: dict | None = None,
-        text_to_speech_dict: dict | None = None,
+        speech_to_text_dict: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        text_to_speech_dict: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> Mock:
         """
diff --git a/api/tests/unit_tests/services/test_workflow_service.py b/api/tests/unit_tests/services/test_workflow_service.py
index 406b4fb9d0..7906daacfc 100644
--- a/api/tests/unit_tests/services/test_workflow_service.py
+++ b/api/tests/unit_tests/services/test_workflow_service.py
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ class TestWorkflowAssociatedDataFactory:
         app_id: str = "app-123",
         version: str = Workflow.VERSION_DRAFT,
         workflow_type: str = WorkflowType.WORKFLOW.value,
-        graph: dict | None = None,
-        features: dict | None = None,
+        graph: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        features: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         unique_hash: str | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> MagicMock:
@@ -1686,7 +1686,7 @@ class TestWorkflowServiceCredentialValidation:
         """Missing provider or model in node_data should be a no-op."""
         # Arrange
         workflow = self._make_workflow([])
-        node_data: dict = {}  # no model key
+        node_data: dict[str, Any] = {}  # no model key
 
         # Act + Assert (no error expected)
         service._validate_load_balancing_credentials(workflow, node_data, "node-1")
@@ -2269,7 +2269,7 @@ class TestRebuildFileForUserInputsInStartNode:
         # Arrange
         file_var = self._make_variable("attachment", VariableEntityType.FILE)
         start_data = self._make_start_node_data([file_var])
-        user_inputs: dict = {}  # attachment not provided
+        user_inputs: dict[str, Any] = {}  # attachment not provided
 
         # Act
         result = _rebuild_file_for_user_inputs_in_start_node(