release: v6.0.0

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,23 +1,85 @@
-### v6.0.0-beta.0 (_2026-04-12_)
+### v6.0.0 (_2026-10-15_)
 
+- feat(bytecode): support RegExp for chunkAlias option ([#885](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/885))
+- refactor: share and normalize build output resolution
+- refactor: inline bytecode build plugin name
+- refactor!: invoke the bytecode compiler only once to compile all code
+- refactor: use pipe stdio for spawn Electron bytecode compliler and append stderr error
+- refactor: use rolldown instead of esbuild to bundle config file
+- refactor: compile bytecode using the Electron main process or renderer process rather then via the `ELECTRON_RUN_AS_NODE`
 - refactor!: simplify resolve config and isolate user config for sub-builds
+- refactor: `?modulePath` sub-build output strategy
+- perf(swcPlugin): skip redundant minification when using Oxc ([#922](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/922))
+- perf: skip Babel loading in development and builds without bytecode
+- perf: short-circuit bytecode detection in builds
+- perf: setup rollupOption compatibility via config factory
+- perf: build compatibility target for Electron 42, 43, 44
+- fix(asset): use consistent file paths for asset cache lookups
+- fix(bytecode): unable to obtain the bytecode build session in Node.js 24 ([#928](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/928))
+- fix(dev): exit non-zero when Electron is killed by a signal ([#918](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/918))
+- fix(dev): forward termination signals to Electron child ([#900](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/900))
+- fix(dev): improve Electron process signal handling
+- fix(bytecode): set the regular expression's `lastIndex` to 0 to perform a global match for chunkAlias option
+- fix(esmShim)!: use `this.parse` to find the last static import ([#906](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/906))
+- fix(deps)!: downgraded @babel/* to v7 due to Node requirements
+- fix: remove useless preset config
+- fix(swcPlugin): also disable oxc on Vite 8 ([#920](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/920))
+- fix: clone config without plugins [#902](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/902)
+- fix(deps)!: update magic-string to v1
+- fix(deps)!: update @babel/* to v8
 - fix!: compatible with rollupOptions and rolldownOptions
 - fix: chunk filename is wrong in ES mode
-
-### v6.0.0-beta.0 (_2026-04-09_)
-
-- refactor: `?modulePath` sub-build output strategy
 - fix(asset): isolate asset caches per environment
 - fix: use the environment api in plugins
 - fix: skip TTY terminal manipulations in CI environments
 - fix(deps)!: update vite to v8 ([#894](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/894))
 - fix: Typescript compiler option 'outDir' must be located inside Rollup 'dir' option
 - fix(isolateEntries): handle non-TTY stdout in build reporter (#887)
+- chore: simplify bytecode compiler initialization
+- chore: improve jsdoc for bytecode options ([#898](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/898))
+- chore(deps): update all non-major dependencies
+- chore(deps): update lint-staged to v17
 - chore(deps): update cac to v7
 - chore(deps): update globals to v17
 - chore(deps): update eslint and @eslint/js to v10
 - chore(deps): update all non-major dependencies
 
+### v6.0.0-beta.8 (_2026-10-11_)
+
+See [v6.0.0-beta.8 changelog](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/blob/v6.0.0-beta.8/CHANGELOG.md)
+
+### v6.0.0-beta.7 (_2026-10-08_)
+
+See [v6.0.0-beta.7 changelog](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/blob/v6.0.0-beta.7/CHANGELOG.md)
+
+### v6.0.0-beta.6 (_2026-10-07_)
+
+See [v6.0.0-beta.6 changelog](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/blob/v6.0.0-beta.6/CHANGELOG.md)
+
+### v6.0.0-beta.5 (_2026-09-29_)
+
+See [v6.0.0-beta.5 changelog](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/blob/v6.0.0-beta.5/CHANGELOG.md)
+
+### v6.0.0-beta.4 (_2026-09-28_)
+
+See [v6.0.0-beta.4 changelog](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/blob/v6.0.0-beta.4/CHANGELOG.md)
+
+### v6.0.0-beta.3 (_2026-09-27_)
+
+See [v6.0.0-beta.3 changelog](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/blob/v6.0.0-beta.3/CHANGELOG.md)
+
+### v6.0.0-beta.2 (_2026-09-27_)
+
+See [v6.0.0-beta.2 changelog](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/blob/v6.0.0-beta.2/CHANGELOG.md)
+
+### v6.0.0-beta.1 (_2026-04-12_)
+
+See [v6.0.0-beta.1 changelog](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/blob/v6.0.0-beta.1/CHANGELOG.md)
+
+### v6.0.0-beta.0 (_2026-04-09_)
+
+See [v6.0.0-beta.0 changelog](https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/blob/v6.0.0-beta.0/CHANGELOG.md)
+
 ### v5.0.0 (_2025-12-07_)
 
 - feat(config): add `build.externalizeDeps` and `build.bytecode` config options to replace `externalizeDepsPlugin` and `bytecodePlugin`

bin/bytecode-compiler.cjs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+const vm = require('node:vm')
+const v8 = require('node:v8')
+
+v8.setFlagsFromString('--no-lazy')
+v8.setFlagsFromString('--no-flush-bytecode')
+
+const params = ['exports', 'require', 'module', '__filename', '__dirname']
+
+module.exports = function compile(code) {
+  if (typeof code !== 'string') throw new TypeError('Compilation source must be a string')
+  const { cachedData } = vm.compileFunction(code, params, { produceCachedData: true })
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(cachedData)) throw new Error('V8 did not produce cached data')
+  // Explicit wire format works across both Node IPC and Electron structured clone.
+  return { sourceLength: code.length, cachedData: cachedData.toString('base64') }
+}

bin/electron-bytecode-main.cjs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+const { app, BrowserWindow, ipcMain } = require('electron')
+const path = require('node:path')
+const RpcPeer = require('./rpc-peer.cjs')
+const compile = require('./bytecode-compiler.cjs')
+
+if (process.platform === 'darwin') {
+  app.dock.hide()
+}
+
+const channel = 'electron-vite:bytecode:rpc'
+const readyChannel = 'electron-vite:bytecode:ready'
+let win
+let rendererRPC
+let rendererStarting
+let stopping = false
+
+function fail(error) {
+  console.error(error)
+  parentRPC.close(error)
+  rendererRPC?.close(error)
+  app.exit(1)
+}
+
+const parentRPC = new RpcPeer(
+  message =>
+    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      if (!process.connected || !process.send) return reject(new Error('Parent IPC is disconnected'))
+      process.send(message, error => (error ? reject(error) : resolve()))
+    })
+)
+
+function createRenderer() {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    let ready = false
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => finish(new Error('Compiler preload readiness timed out')), 30000)
+    function finish(error) {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+      ipcMain.removeListener(readyChannel, onReady)
+      if (error) reject(error)
+      else {
+        ready = true
+        resolve()
+      }
+    }
+    function onReady(event) {
+      if (event.sender === win.webContents) finish()
+    }
+    function onFailure(error) {
+      if (stopping) return
+      if (ready) fail(error)
+      else finish(error)
+    }
+    ipcMain.on(readyChannel, onReady)
+    win = new BrowserWindow({
+      show: false,
+      webPreferences: {
+        preload: path.join(__dirname, 'electron-bytecode-preload.cjs'),
+        sandbox: false,
+        contextIsolation: true
+      }
+    })
+    rendererRPC = new RpcPeer(message => {
+      if (win.isDestroyed()) throw new Error('Compiler window is closed')
+      win.webContents.send(channel, message)
+    })
+    ipcMain.on(channel, (event, message) => {
+      if (!win.isDestroyed() && event.sender === win.webContents) void rendererRPC.receive(message)
+    })
+    win.webContents.on('preload-error', (_event, _path, error) => onFailure(error))
+    win.webContents.on('render-process-gone', (_event, details) => {
+      onFailure(new Error(`Compiler renderer exited: ${details.reason}`))
+    })
+    win.on('closed', () => onFailure(new Error('Compiler window closed unexpectedly')))
+    win.loadURL('data:text/html,<!doctype html><html></html>').catch(onFailure)
+  })
+}
+
+const initialized = app.whenReady().then(() => true)
+parentRPC.register('ready', () => initialized)
+parentRPC.register('compile', async (target, code) => {
+  await initialized
+  if (target === 'main') return compile(code)
+  if (target === 'preload') {
+    rendererStarting ||= createRenderer()
+    await rendererStarting
+    return rendererRPC.request('compile', code)
+  }
+  throw new Error(`Invalid bytecode target: ${target}`)
+})
+initialized.catch(fail)
+
+process.on('message', message => {
+  if (message?.type === 'shutdown') {
+    stopping = true
+    app.quit()
+  } else {
+    void parentRPC.receive(message)
+  }
+})
+process.on('disconnect', () => {
+  stopping = true
+  app.quit()
+})
+app.on('before-quit', () => {
+  stopping = true
+  parentRPC.close()
+  rendererRPC?.close()
+})
+if (!process.send) fail(new Error('Bytecode compiler must be launched with an IPC channel'))

bin/electron-bytecode-preload.cjs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+const { ipcRenderer } = require('electron')
+const RpcPeer = require('./rpc-peer.cjs')
+const compile = require('./bytecode-compiler.cjs')
+
+const channel = 'electron-vite:bytecode:rpc'
+const rpc = new RpcPeer(message => ipcRenderer.send(channel, message))
+rpc.register('ready', () => true)
+rpc.register('compile', compile)
+ipcRenderer.on(channel, (_event, message) => void rpc.receive(message))
+ipcRenderer.send('electron-vite:bytecode:ready')

bin/rpc-peer.cjs

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Transport-independent peer. Messages must be JSON serializable.
+class RpcPeer {
+  constructor(send, timeout = 30000) {
+    this.send = send
+    this.timeout = timeout
+    this.methods = new Map()
+    this.pending = new Map()
+    this.nextId = 0
+    this.closed = false
+  }
+
+  register(cmd, method) {
+    this.methods.set(cmd, method)
+    return this
+  }
+
+  request(cmd, ...args) {
+    if (this.closed) return Promise.reject(new Error('RPC connection is closed'))
+    const invocationId = this.nextId++
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+        this.pending.delete(invocationId)
+        reject(new Error(`RPC request timed out: ${cmd}`))
+      }, this.timeout)
+      this.pending.set(invocationId, { resolve, reject, timer })
+      Promise.resolve()
+        .then(() => this.send({ type: 'request', invocationId, cmd, args }))
+        .catch(error => {
+          const pending = this.pending.get(invocationId)
+          if (!pending) return
+          clearTimeout(timer)
+          this.pending.delete(invocationId)
+          reject(error)
+        })
+    })
+  }
+
+  async receive(message) {
+    if (this.closed || !message || !Number.isSafeInteger(message.invocationId)) return
+    const { type, invocationId } = message
+    if (type === 'response') {
+      const pending = this.pending.get(invocationId)
+      if (!pending) return
+      this.pending.delete(invocationId)
+      clearTimeout(pending.timer)
+      if (message.error) {
+        const error = new Error(message.error.message)
+        error.name = message.error.name || 'Error'
+        if (message.error.stack) error.stack = message.error.stack
+        pending.reject(error)
+      } else {
+        pending.resolve(message.result)
+      }
+      return
+    }
+    if (type !== 'request' || typeof message.cmd !== 'string' || !Array.isArray(message.args)) return
+    const response = { type: 'response', invocationId }
+    try {
+      const method = this.methods.get(message.cmd)
+      if (!method) throw new Error(`Invalid method: ${message.cmd}`)
+      response.result = await method(...message.args)
+    } catch (error) {
+      response.error = {
+        name: error instanceof Error ? error.name : 'Error',
+        message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+        stack: error instanceof Error ? error.stack : undefined
+      }
+    }
+    if (!this.closed) {
+      try {
+        await this.send(response)
+      } catch (error) {
+        this.close(error)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  close(error = new Error('RPC connection is closed')) {
+    this.closed = true
+    for (const pending of this.pending.values()) {
+      clearTimeout(pending.timer)
+      pending.reject(error)
+    }
+    this.pending.clear()
+    this.methods.clear()
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = RpcPeer

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "electron-vite",
-  "version": "6.0.0-beta.1",
+  "version": "6.0.0",
   "description": "Electron build tooling based on Vite",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -73,36 +73,35 @@
     "@rollup/plugin-json": "^6.1.0",
     "@rollup/plugin-node-resolve": "^16.0.3",
     "@rollup/plugin-typescript": "^12.3.0",
-    "@swc/core": "^1.15.21",
+    "@swc/core": "^1.16.2",
     "@types/babel__core": "^7.20.5",
-    "@types/node": "^22.19.15",
-    "eslint": "^10.1.0",
+    "@types/node": "^22.20.4",
+    "eslint": "^10.11.0",
     "eslint-config-prettier": "^10.1.8",
-    "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^5.5.5",
-    "globals": "^17.4.0",
-    "lint-staged": "^16.4.0",
-    "prettier": "^3.8.1",
-    "rollup": "^4.60.0",
-    "rollup-plugin-dts": "^6.4.1",
+    "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^5.5.6",
+    "globals": "^17.12.0",
+    "lint-staged": "^17.5.1",
+    "prettier": "^3.9.9",
+    "rollup": "^4.63.5",
+    "rollup-plugin-dts": "^6.5.1",
     "rollup-plugin-rm": "^1.0.2",
-    "simple-git-hooks": "^2.13.1",
+    "simple-git-hooks": "^2.14.0",
     "tslib": "^2.8.1",
     "typescript": "^5.9.3",
-    "typescript-eslint": "^8.57.2",
-    "vite": "^8.0.3"
+    "typescript-eslint": "^8.70.1",
+    "vite": "^8.3.1"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@babel/core": "^7.29.0",
-    "@babel/plugin-transform-arrow-functions": "^7.27.1",
+    "@babel/core": "^7.29.7",
+    "@babel/plugin-transform-arrow-functions": "^7.29.7",
     "cac": "^7.0.0",
-    "esbuild": "^0.25.11",
-    "magic-string": "^0.30.21",
-    "picocolors": "^1.1.1"
+    "magic-string": "^1.4.2",
+    "picocolors": "^1.1.1",
+    "rolldown": "~1.2.10"
   },
   "pnpm": {
     "onlyBuiltDependencies": [
       "@swc/core",
-      "esbuild",
       "simple-git-hooks"
     ]
   }

src/build.ts

@@ -1,22 +1,40 @@
-import { build as viteBuild } from 'vite'
-import { type InlineConfig, resolveConfig } from './config'
+import { build as viteBuild, mergeConfig } from 'vite'
+import { type InlineConfig, type MainViteConfig, type PreloadViteConfig, resolveConfig } from './config'
+import { BytecodeCompiler } from './bytecodeCompiler'
+import { asyncFlatten } from './utils'
+
+async function usesBytecode(config?: MainViteConfig | PreloadViteConfig): Promise<boolean> {
+  if (!config) return false
+  if (config.build?.bytecode) return true
+  const plugins = await asyncFlatten(config.plugins || [])
+  return plugins.some(plugin => plugin && typeof plugin === 'object' && plugin.name === 'vite:bytecode')
+}
 
 /**
  * Bundles the electron app for production.
  */
 export async function build(inlineConfig: InlineConfig = {}): Promise<void> {
   process.env.NODE_ENV_ELECTRON_VITE = 'production'
-  const config = await resolveConfig(inlineConfig, 'build', 'production')
+
+  const bytecodeCompiler = new BytecodeCompiler()
+  const config = await resolveConfig(
+    mergeConfig(inlineConfig, {
+      plugins: [{ name: 'vite:electron-bytecode-build', api: { compiler: bytecodeCompiler } }]
+    }),
+    'build',
+    'production'
+  )
 
   if (!config.config) {
     return
   }
 
-  // Build targets in order: main -> preload -> renderer
-  const buildTargets = ['main', 'preload', 'renderer'] as const
+  const hasBytecode = (await usesBytecode(config.config.main)) || (await usesBytecode(config.config.preload))
 
-  for (const target of buildTargets) {
-    const viteConfig = config.config[target]
+  const buildTargets = async (): Promise<void> => {
+    // Build targets in order: main -> preload -> renderer
+    for (const target of ['main', 'preload', 'renderer'] as const) {
+      const viteConfig = config.config?.[target]
       if (viteConfig) {
         // Disable watch mode in production builds
         if (viteConfig.build?.watch) {
@@ -26,3 +44,13 @@ export async function build(inlineConfig: InlineConfig = {}): Promise<void> {
       }
     }
   }
+
+  if (!hasBytecode) return buildTargets()
+
+  try {
+    await bytecodeCompiler.start()
+    await buildTargets()
+  } finally {
+    await bytecodeCompiler.stop()
+  }
+}

src/bytecodeCompiler.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+import { type ChildProcess, spawn } from 'node:child_process'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module'
+import { getElectronPath } from './electron'
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url)
+const RPC_TIMEOUT = 30_000
+const SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT = 3_000
+
+export type BytecodeCompileResult = {
+  sourceLength: number
+  /** Base64-encoded V8 cachedData; decode with Buffer.from(cachedData, 'base64'). */
+  cachedData: string
+}
+
+export type BytecodeTarget = 'main' | 'preload'
+
+type CompilerResponse = {
+  type: 'response'
+  invocationId: number
+  result?: unknown
+  error?: { name: string; message: string; stack?: string }
+}
+
+type PendingRequest = {
+  resolve: (value: unknown) => void
+  reject: (reason: Error) => void
+  timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>
+}
+
+export class BytecodeCompiler {
+  private ps?: ChildProcess
+  private rpcMap = new Map<number, PendingRequest>()
+  private invocationId = 0
+  private starting?: Promise<void>
+  private stopping?: Promise<void>
+  private ready = false
+  private stderr = ''
+
+  start(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.stopping) return Promise.reject(new Error('BytecodeCompiler is stopping'))
+    if (this.starting) return this.starting
+    if (this.ready) return Promise.resolve()
+    if (this.ps) return Promise.reject(new Error('Previous Electron process has not closed; await stop() first'))
+    this.starting = this.initialize().finally(() => {
+      this.starting = undefined
+    })
+    return this.starting
+  }
+
+  private async initialize(): Promise<void> {
+    const env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv = { ...process.env, ELECTRON_VITE_RPC: 'true' }
+    delete env.ELECTRON_RUN_AS_NODE
+    this.stderr = ''
+    const compilerPath = path.join(
+      path.dirname(require.resolve('electron-vite/package.json')),
+      'bin',
+      'electron-bytecode-main.cjs'
+    )
+    const ps = spawn(getElectronPath(), [compilerPath], {
+      stdio: ['ignore', 'ignore', 'pipe', 'ipc'],
+      windowsHide: true,
+      env
+    })
+    this.ps = ps
+    if (ps.stderr) {
+      ps.stderr.setEncoding('utf8')
+      ps.stderr.on('data', (chunk: string) => {
+        if (this.ps === ps) this.stderr = (this.stderr + chunk).slice(-64 * 1024)
+      })
+    }
+    ps.on('message', (message: CompilerResponse) => {
+      if (this.ps !== ps || !message || message.type !== 'response') return
+      const pending = this.rpcMap.get(message.invocationId)
+      if (!pending) return
+      clearTimeout(pending.timer)
+      this.rpcMap.delete(message.invocationId)
+      if (message.error) {
+        const error = new Error(message.error.message)
+        error.name = message.error.name
+        if (message.error.stack) error.stack = message.error.stack
+        pending.reject(error)
+      } else pending.resolve(message.result)
+    })
+    ps.on('error', error => {
+      if (this.ps === ps) this.rejectPending(error)
+    })
+    ps.on('disconnect', () => {
+      if (this.ps === ps) this.rejectPending(new Error('Electron IPC disconnected'))
+    })
+    ps.on('exit', (code, signal) => {
+      if (this.ps === ps) this.rejectPending(new Error('Electron exited (code ' + code + ', signal ' + signal + ')'))
+    })
+    ps.on('close', () => {
+      if (this.ps === ps) {
+        this.rejectPending(new Error('Electron process closed'))
+        this.ps = undefined
+      }
+    })
+    try {
+      await this.sendRequest('ready', [])
+      if (!ps.connected || this.stopping) throw new Error('Electron stopped during initialization')
+      this.ready = true
+    } catch (error) {
+      await this.stop()
+      throw error
+    }
+  }
+
+  compile(target: BytecodeTarget, code: string): Promise<BytecodeCompileResult> {
+    return this.request<BytecodeCompileResult>('compile', target, code)
+  }
+
+  async request<T = unknown>(cmd: string, ...args: unknown[]): Promise<T> {
+    if (!this.ready || this.stopping) throw new Error('BytecodeCompiler is not ready; await start() first')
+    return this.sendRequest(cmd, args) as Promise<T>
+  }
+
+  private sendRequest(cmd: string, args: unknown[]): Promise<unknown> {
+    const ps = this.ps
+    if (!ps?.connected) return Promise.reject(new Error('Electron IPC is not connected'))
+    const invocationId = this.invocationId++
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const fail = (error: Error): void => {
+        const pending = this.rpcMap.get(invocationId)
+        if (!pending) return
+        clearTimeout(pending.timer)
+        this.rpcMap.delete(invocationId)
+        reject(this.withStderr(error))
+      }
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => fail(new Error('Electron RPC timed out: ' + cmd)), RPC_TIMEOUT)
+      this.rpcMap.set(invocationId, { resolve, reject, timer })
+      try {
+        ps.send({ type: 'request', invocationId, cmd, args }, error => {
+          if (error) fail(error)
+        })
+      } catch (error) {
+        fail(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  private rejectPending(error: Error): void {
+    this.ready = false
+    if (this.rpcMap.size) this.withStderr(error)
+    for (const pending of this.rpcMap.values()) {
+      clearTimeout(pending.timer)
+      pending.reject(error)
+    }
+    this.rpcMap.clear()
+  }
+
+  private withStderr(error: Error): Error {
+    const stderr = this.stderr.trim()
+    if (stderr) {
+      const stack = error.stack
+      error.message += '\n' + stderr
+      if (stack) error.stack = stack + '\n' + stderr
+    }
+    return error
+  }
+
+  stop(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.stopping) return this.stopping
+    this.rejectPending(new Error('BytecodeCompiler stopped'))
+    const ps = this.ps
+    if (!ps) return Promise.resolve()
+    this.stopping = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => ps.kill('SIGKILL'), SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+      ps.once('close', () => {
+        clearTimeout(timer)
+        resolve()
+      })
+      if (ps.connected) {
+        try {
+          ps.send({ type: 'shutdown' }, error => {
+            if (error) ps.kill()
+          })
+        } catch {
+          ps.kill()
+        }
+      } else ps.kill()
+    }).finally(() => {
+      this.stopping = undefined
+    })
+    return this.stopping
+  }
+}

src/config.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 import path from 'node:path'
-import fs from 'node:fs'
-import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
-import { createRequire } from 'node:module'
 import colors from 'picocolors'
 import {
   type UserConfig as ViteConfig,
@@ -14,7 +11,6 @@ import {
   mergeConfig,
   normalizePath
 } from 'vite'
-import { build } from 'esbuild'
 
 import {
   electronMainConfigPresetPlugin,
@@ -32,7 +28,8 @@ import modulePathPlugin from './plugins/modulePath'
 import isolateEntriesPlugin from './plugins/isolateEntries'
 import { type ExternalOptions, externalizeDepsPlugin } from './plugins/externalizeDeps'
 import { type BytecodeOptions, bytecodePlugin } from './plugins/bytecode'
-import { isObject, isFilePathESM, deepClone, asyncFlatten } from './utils'
+import { isObject, isFilePathESM, cloneConfig, asyncFlatten } from './utils'
+import { findConfigFile, bundleConfigFile, loadConfigFormBundledFile } from './load'
 
 export { defineConfig as defineViteConfig } from 'vite'
 
@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ interface BytecodeMixin {
    * Options pass on to `bytecode` plugin in electron-vite.
    * https://electron-vite.org/guide/source-code-protection#options
    *
-   * Compile source code to v8 bytecode.
+   * Compiles source code to v8 bytecode and works only in the `build` command.
    */
   bytecode?: boolean | BytecodeOptions
 }
@@ -121,11 +118,7 @@ export type ElectronViteConfigFnPromise = (env: ConfigEnv) => Promise<UserConfig
 export type ElectronViteConfigFn = (env: ConfigEnv) => UserConfig | Promise<UserConfig>
 
 export type ElectronViteConfigExport =
-  | UserConfig
-  | Promise<UserConfig>
-  | ElectronViteConfigFnObject
-  | ElectronViteConfigFnPromise
-  | ElectronViteConfigFn
+  UserConfig | Promise<UserConfig> | ElectronViteConfigFnObject | ElectronViteConfigFnPromise | ElectronViteConfigFn
 
 /**
  * Type helper to make it easier to use `electron.vite.config.*`
@@ -195,20 +188,14 @@ export async function resolveConfig(
       const { main, preload, renderer } = loadResult.config
 
       if (main) {
-        main.build ??= {}
-        setupRollupOptionCompat(main.build)
         userConfig.main = await new MainConfigFactory(main, config, { outDir, root }).build()
       }
 
       if (preload) {
-        preload.build ??= {}
-        setupRollupOptionCompat(preload.build)
         userConfig.preload = await new PreloadConfigFactory(preload, config, { outDir, root }).build()
       }
 
       if (renderer) {
-        renderer.build ??= {}
-        setupRollupOptionCompat(renderer.build)
         userConfig.renderer = await new RendererConfigFactory(renderer, config, { outDir, root }).build()
       }
 
@@ -226,24 +213,19 @@ export async function resolveConfig(
   return resolved
 }
 
-function setupRollupOptionCompat<T extends Pick<ViteBuildOptions, 'rollupOptions' | 'rolldownOptions'>>(
-  buildConfig: T
-): asserts buildConfig is T & {
-  rolldownOptions: Exclude<T['rolldownOptions'], undefined>
-} {
-  buildConfig.rolldownOptions ??= buildConfig.rollupOptions
-}
-
 export abstract class ConfigFactory<T extends MainViteConfig | PreloadViteConfig | RendererViteConfig> {
   constructor(
     protected readonly baseConfig: T,
     protected readonly inlineConfig: InlineConfig,
     protected readonly options: { outDir?: string; root?: string }
-  ) {}
+  ) {
+    baseConfig.build ??= {}
+    baseConfig.build.rolldownOptions ??= baseConfig.build.rollupOptions
+  }
 
   async build(cleanMode?: boolean): Promise<T> {
     /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
-    const config = mergeConfig(deepClone(this.baseConfig) as any, deepClone(this.inlineConfig)) as T
+    const config = mergeConfig(cloneConfig(this.baseConfig) as any, cloneConfig(this.inlineConfig)) as T
 
     config.mode = this.inlineConfig.mode || config.mode || process.env.NODE_ENV
 
@@ -380,8 +362,6 @@ function isOptions<T extends object>(value: boolean | T): value is T {
   return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
 }
 
-const CONFIG_FILE_NAME = 'electron.vite.config'
-
 export async function loadConfigFromFile(
   configEnv: ConfigEnv,
   configFile?: string,
@@ -397,9 +377,7 @@ export async function loadConfigFromFile(
     throw new Error(`config file cannot be named ${configFile}.`)
   }
 
-  const resolvedPath = configFile
-    ? path.resolve(configFile)
-    : findConfigFile(configRoot, ['js', 'ts', 'mjs', 'cjs', 'mts', 'cts'])
+  const resolvedPath = configFile ? path.resolve(configFile) : findConfigFile(configRoot)
 
   if (!resolvedPath) {
     return {
@@ -413,7 +391,7 @@ export async function loadConfigFromFile(
 
   try {
     const { code, dependencies } = await bundleConfigFile(resolvedPath, isESM)
-    const configExport = await loadConfigFormBundledFile(configRoot, resolvedPath, code, isESM)
+    const configExport = await loadConfigFormBundledFile<ElectronViteConfigExport>(resolvedPath, code, isESM)
 
     const config = await (typeof configExport === 'function' ? configExport(configEnv) : configExport)
     if (!isObject(config)) {
@@ -439,116 +417,3 @@ export async function loadConfigFromFile(
     throw e
   }
 }
-
-function findConfigFile(configRoot: string, extensions: string[]): string {
-  for (const ext of extensions) {
-    const configFile = path.resolve(configRoot, `${CONFIG_FILE_NAME}.${ext}`)
-    if (fs.existsSync(configFile)) {
-      return configFile
-    }
-  }
-  return ''
-}
-
-async function bundleConfigFile(fileName: string, isESM: boolean): Promise<{ code: string; dependencies: string[] }> {
-  const dirnameVarName = '__electron_vite_injected_dirname'
-  const filenameVarName = '__electron_vite_injected_filename'
-  const importMetaUrlVarName = '__electron_vite_injected_import_meta_url'
-  const result = await build({
-    absWorkingDir: process.cwd(),
-    entryPoints: [fileName],
-    write: false,
-    target: ['node20'],
-    platform: 'node',
-    bundle: true,
-    format: isESM ? 'esm' : 'cjs',
-    sourcemap: false,
-    metafile: true,
-    define: {
-      __dirname: dirnameVarName,
-      __filename: filenameVarName,
-      'import.meta.url': importMetaUrlVarName
-    },
-    plugins: [
-      {
-        name: 'externalize-deps',
-        setup(build): void {
-          build.onResolve({ filter: /.*/ }, args => {
-            const id = args.path
-            if (id[0] !== '.' && !path.isAbsolute(id)) {
-              return {
-                external: true
-              }
-            }
-            return null
-          })
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'replace-import-meta',
-        setup(build): void {
-          build.onLoad({ filter: /\.[cm]?[jt]s$/ }, async args => {
-            const contents = await fs.promises.readFile(args.path, 'utf8')
-            const injectValues =
-              `const ${dirnameVarName} = ${JSON.stringify(path.dirname(args.path))};` +
-              `const ${filenameVarName} = ${JSON.stringify(args.path)};` +
-              `const ${importMetaUrlVarName} = ${JSON.stringify(pathToFileURL(args.path).href)};`
-
-            return {
-              loader: args.path.endsWith('ts') ? 'ts' : 'js',
-              contents: injectValues + contents
-            }
-          })
-        }
-      }
-    ]
-  })
-  const { text } = result.outputFiles[0]
-  return {
-    code: text,
-    dependencies: result.metafile ? Object.keys(result.metafile.inputs) : []
-  }
-}
-
-interface NodeModuleWithCompile extends NodeModule {
-  /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
-  _compile(code: string, filename: string): any
-}
-
-const _require = createRequire(import.meta.url)
-async function loadConfigFormBundledFile(
-  configRoot: string,
-  configFile: string,
-  bundledCode: string,
-  isESM: boolean
-): Promise<ElectronViteConfigExport> {
-  if (isESM) {
-    const fileNameTmp = path.resolve(configRoot, `${CONFIG_FILE_NAME}.${Date.now()}.mjs`)
-    fs.writeFileSync(fileNameTmp, bundledCode)
-
-    const fileUrl = pathToFileURL(fileNameTmp)
-    try {
-      return (await import(fileUrl.href)).default
-    } finally {
-      try {
-        fs.unlinkSync(fileNameTmp)
-      } catch {}
-    }
-  } else {
-    const extension = path.extname(configFile)
-    const realFileName = fs.realpathSync(configFile)
-    const loaderExt = extension in _require.extensions ? extension : '.js'
-    const defaultLoader = _require.extensions[loaderExt]!
-    _require.extensions[loaderExt] = (module: NodeModule, filename: string): void => {
-      if (filename === realFileName) {
-        ;(module as NodeModuleWithCompile)._compile(bundledCode, filename)
-      } else {
-        defaultLoader(module, filename)
-      }
-    }
-    delete _require.cache[_require.resolve(configFile)]
-    const raw = _require(configFile)
-    _require.extensions[loaderExt] = defaultLoader
-    return raw.__esModule ? raw.default : raw
-  }
-}

src/electron.ts

@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ export function getElectronNodeTarget(): string {
   const electronVer = getElectronMajorVer()
 
   const nodeVer = {
+    '44': '24.18',
+    '43': '24.17',
+    '42': '24.15',
     '41': '24.14',
     '40': '24.14',
     '39': '22.20',
@@ -102,6 +105,9 @@ export function getElectronChromeTarget(): string {
   const electronVer = getElectronMajorVer()
 
   const chromeVer = {
+    '44': '152',
+    '43': '150',
+    '42': '148',
     '41': '146',
     '40': '144',
     '39': '142',
@@ -159,7 +165,36 @@ export function startElectron(root: string | undefined): ChildProcess {
   const entry = process.env.ELECTRON_ENTRY || '.'
 
   const ps = spawn(electronPath, [entry].concat(args), { stdio: 'inherit' })
-  ps.on('close', process.exit)
+  // `code` is null when the child was terminated by a signal, and `process.exit` ignores
+  // its second argument, so passing the listener directly would report every crash as a
+  // successful exit. Map a signal death to a non-zero status instead.
+  ps.on('close', (code, signal) => process.exit(code ?? (signal ? 1 : 0)))
+
+  setupElectronSignalHandlers(ps)
 
   return ps
 }
+
+let electronPs: ChildProcess | undefined
+let signalHandlersRegistered = false
+
+function setupElectronSignalHandlers(child: ChildProcess): void {
+  electronPs = child
+
+  if (signalHandlersRegistered) return
+
+  const signals: NodeJS.Signals[] =
+    process.platform === 'win32' ? ['SIGINT', 'SIGTERM'] : ['SIGINT', 'SIGTERM', 'SIGHUP', 'SIGUSR2']
+
+  for (const signal of signals) {
+    process.on(signal, () => {
+      const child = electronPs
+      if (!child?.pid || child.exitCode !== null || child.signalCode !== null) return
+
+      // A previously sent signal does not mean the child has exited.
+      child.kill(signal)
+    })
+  }
+
+  signalHandlersRegistered = true
+}

src/load.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import path from 'node:path'
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module'
+import { rolldown } from 'rolldown'
+import type { RolldownOutput, OutputChunk } from 'rolldown'
+
+const CONFIG_FILE_NAME = 'electron.vite.config'
+
+export function findConfigFile(
+  configRoot: string,
+  extensions: string[] = ['js', 'ts', 'mjs', 'cjs', 'mts', 'cts']
+): string {
+  for (const ext of extensions) {
+    const configFile = path.resolve(configRoot, `${CONFIG_FILE_NAME}.${ext}`)
+    if (fs.existsSync(configFile)) {
+      return configFile
+    }
+  }
+  return ''
+}
+
+export async function bundleConfigFile(
+  fileName: string,
+  isESM: boolean
+): Promise<{ code: string; dependencies: string[] }> {
+  const dirnameVarName = '__electron_vite_injected_dirname'
+  const filenameVarName = '__electron_vite_injected_filename'
+  const importMetaUrlVarName = '__electron_vite_injected_import_meta_url'
+
+  const bundle = await rolldown({
+    input: path.resolve(fileName),
+    platform: 'node',
+    transform: {
+      target: 'node20',
+      define: {
+        __dirname: dirnameVarName,
+        __filename: filenameVarName,
+        'import.meta.url': importMetaUrlVarName
+      }
+    },
+    plugins: [
+      {
+        name: 'externalize-deps',
+        resolveId(id) {
+          if (id[0] !== '.' && !path.isAbsolute(id)) {
+            return { id, external: true }
+          }
+          return null
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'inject-file-scope-variables',
+        transform: {
+          filter: { id: /\.[cm]?[jt]s$/ },
+          handler(code, id) {
+            const injectValues =
+              `const ${dirnameVarName} = ${JSON.stringify(path.dirname(id))};` +
+              `const ${filenameVarName} = ${JSON.stringify(id)};` +
+              `const ${importMetaUrlVarName} = ${JSON.stringify(pathToFileURL(id).href)};`
+            return { code: injectValues + code, map: null }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  })
+
+  let result: RolldownOutput
+  try {
+    result = await bundle.generate({
+      format: isESM ? 'esm' : 'cjs',
+      sourcemap: 'inline',
+      sourcemapPathTransform(relative, sourcemapPath) {
+        return path.resolve(path.dirname(sourcemapPath), relative)
+      },
+      codeSplitting: false
+    })
+  } finally {
+    await bundle.close()
+  }
+
+  const entryChunk = result.output.find((chunk): chunk is OutputChunk => chunk.type === 'chunk' && chunk.isEntry)
+  if (!entryChunk) {
+    throw new Error(`Failed to bundle config file: ${fileName}`)
+  }
+
+  return {
+    code: entryChunk.code,
+    dependencies: entryChunk.moduleIds.filter(id => !id.startsWith('\0'))
+  }
+}
+
+interface NodeModuleWithCompile extends NodeModule {
+  /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
+  _compile(code: string, filename: string): any
+}
+
+const _require = createRequire(import.meta.url)
+
+export async function loadConfigFormBundledFile<T>(fileName: string, bundledCode: string, isESM: boolean): Promise<T> {
+  if (isESM) {
+    const fileNameTmp = `${fileName}.${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(16).slice(2)}.mjs`
+    fs.writeFileSync(fileNameTmp, bundledCode)
+
+    const fileUrl = pathToFileURL(fileNameTmp)
+    try {
+      return (await import(fileUrl.href)).default
+    } finally {
+      try {
+        fs.unlinkSync(fileNameTmp)
+      } catch {}
+    }
+  } else {
+    const extension = path.extname(fileName)
+    const realFileName = fs.realpathSync(fileName)
+    const loaderExt = extension in _require.extensions ? extension : '.js'
+    const defaultLoader = _require.extensions[loaderExt]!
+    _require.extensions[loaderExt] = (module: NodeModule, filename: string): void => {
+      if (filename === realFileName) {
+        ;(module as NodeModuleWithCompile)._compile(bundledCode, filename)
+      } else {
+        defaultLoader(module, filename)
+      }
+    }
+    delete _require.cache[_require.resolve(fileName)]
+    const raw = _require(fileName)
+    _require.extensions[loaderExt] = defaultLoader
+    return raw.__esModule ? raw.default : raw
+  }
+}

src/plugins/asset.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import path from 'node:path'
 import fs from 'node:fs/promises'
-import type { SourceMapInput } from 'rollup'
 import { type Plugin, type Environment, normalizePath } from 'vite'
 import MagicString from 'magic-string'
 import { cleanUrl, getHash, toRelativePath } from '../utils'
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ export default function assetPlugin(): Plugin {
         referenceId = `__VITE_NODE_PUBLIC_ASSET__${hash}__`
       } else {
         const cache = assetCache.get(this.environment)!
-        const cached = cache.get(id)
+        const cached = cache.get(file)
         if (cached) {
           referenceId = cached
         } else {
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ export default function assetPlugin(): Plugin {
         export default importObject => loadWasm(${referenceId}, importObject)`
       }
     },
-    renderChunk(code, chunk, { sourcemap, dir }): { code: string; map: SourceMapInput } | null {
+    renderChunk(code, chunk, { sourcemap, dir }) {
       let match: RegExpExecArray | null
       let s: MagicString | undefined
 

src/plugins/bytecode.ts

@@ -1,148 +1,80 @@
 import path from 'node:path'
-import { spawn } from 'node:child_process'
+import { randomBytes } from 'node:crypto'
 import { createRequire } from 'node:module'
 import colors from 'picocolors'
-import { type Plugin, type LibraryOptions, type Rolldown, normalizePath } from 'vite'
-import * as babel from '@babel/core'
+import { type Plugin, type Rolldown, normalizePath } from 'vite'
+import type * as Babel from '@babel/core'
 import MagicString from 'magic-string'
-import { getElectronPath } from '../electron'
-import { toRelativePath } from '../utils'
+import { toRelativePath, resolveBuildOutputs } from '../utils'
+import type { BytecodeCompiler, BytecodeTarget } from '../bytecodeCompiler'
 
 // Inspired by https://github.com/bytenode/bytenode
 
-const _require = createRequire(import.meta.url)
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url)
+let babel: typeof Babel | undefined
 
-function getBytecodeCompilerPath(): string {
-  return path.join(path.dirname(_require.resolve('electron-vite/package.json')), 'bin', 'electron-bytecode.cjs')
+function getBytecodeCompiler(plugins: readonly Plugin[]): BytecodeCompiler | undefined {
+  const plugin = plugins.find(plugin => plugin.name === 'vite:electron-bytecode-build')
+  return (plugin?.api as { compiler?: BytecodeCompiler } | undefined)?.compiler
 }
 
-function compileToBytecode(code: string): Promise<Buffer> {
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    let data = Buffer.from([])
-
-    const electronPath = getElectronPath()
-    const bytecodePath = getBytecodeCompilerPath()
-
-    const proc = spawn(electronPath, [bytecodePath], {
-      env: { ELECTRON_RUN_AS_NODE: '1' },
-      stdio: ['pipe', 'pipe', 'pipe', 'ipc']
-    })
-
-    if (proc.stdin) {
-      proc.stdin.write(code)
-      proc.stdin.end()
-    }
-
-    if (proc.stdout) {
-      proc.stdout.on('data', chunk => {
-        data = Buffer.concat([data, chunk])
-      })
-      proc.stdout.on('error', err => {
-        console.error(err)
-      })
-      proc.stdout.on('end', () => {
-        resolve(data)
-      })
-    }
-
-    if (proc.stderr) {
-      proc.stderr.on('data', chunk => {
-        console.error('Error: ', chunk.toString())
-      })
-      proc.stderr.on('error', err => {
-        console.error('Error: ', err)
-      })
-    }
-
-    proc.addListener('message', message => console.log(message))
-    proc.addListener('error', err => console.error(err))
-
-    proc.on('error', err => reject(err))
-    proc.on('exit', () => {
-      resolve(data)
-    })
-  })
+// Versioned envelope: magic/version (8), UTF-16 source length (4), module ID (16), V8 cache.
+// Keep our metadata separate from the private V8 cache header.
+async function compileToBytecode(compiler: BytecodeCompiler, target: BytecodeTarget, code: string): Promise<Buffer> {
+  const id = randomBytes(16)
+  // Reserve enough source space for an untruncated, per-artifact placeholder identity.
+  const source = code + '\n/*' + id.toString('hex') + '*/'
+  const result = await compiler.compile(target, source)
+  const header = Buffer.alloc(28)
+  header.write('EVBC0001', 0, 'ascii')
+  header.writeUInt32LE(result.sourceLength, 8)
+  id.copy(header, 12)
+  return Buffer.concat([header, Buffer.from(result.cachedData, 'base64')])
 }
 
 const bytecodeModuleLoaderCode = [
-  `"use strict";`,
-  `const fs = require("fs");`,
-  `const path = require("path");`,
-  `const vm = require("vm");`,
-  `const v8 = require("v8");`,
-  `const Module = require("module");`,
-  `v8.setFlagsFromString("--no-lazy");`,
-  `v8.setFlagsFromString("--no-flush-bytecode");`,
-  `const FLAG_HASH_OFFSET = 12;`,
-  `const SOURCE_HASH_OFFSET = 8;`,
-  `let dummyBytecode;`,
-  `function setFlagHashHeader(bytecodeBuffer) {`,
-  `  if (!dummyBytecode) {`,
-  `    const script = new vm.Script("", {`,
-  `      produceCachedData: true`,
-  `    });`,
-  `    dummyBytecode = script.createCachedData();`,
-  `  }`,
-  `  dummyBytecode.slice(FLAG_HASH_OFFSET, FLAG_HASH_OFFSET + 4).copy(bytecodeBuffer, FLAG_HASH_OFFSET);`,
-  `};`,
-  `function getSourceHashHeader(bytecodeBuffer) {`,
-  `  return bytecodeBuffer.slice(SOURCE_HASH_OFFSET, SOURCE_HASH_OFFSET + 4);`,
-  `};`,
-  `function buffer2Number(buffer) {`,
-  `  let ret = 0;`,
-  `  ret |= buffer[3] << 24;`,
-  `  ret |= buffer[2] << 16;`,
-  `  ret |= buffer[1] << 8;`,
-  `  ret |= buffer[0];`,
-  `  return ret;`,
-  `};`,
-  `Module._extensions[".jsc"] = Module._extensions[".cjsc"] = function (module, filename) {`,
-  `  const bytecodeBuffer = fs.readFileSync(filename);`,
-  `  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(bytecodeBuffer)) {`,
-  `    throw new Error("BytecodeBuffer must be a buffer object.");`,
-  `  }`,
-  `  setFlagHashHeader(bytecodeBuffer);`,
-  `  const length = buffer2Number(getSourceHashHeader(bytecodeBuffer));`,
-  `  let dummyCode = "";`,
-  `  if (length > 1) {`,
-  `    dummyCode = "\\"" + "\\u200b".repeat(length - 2) + "\\"";`,
-  `  }`,
-  `  const script = new vm.Script(dummyCode, {`,
-  `    filename: filename,`,
-  `    lineOffset: 0,`,
-  `    displayErrors: true,`,
-  `    cachedData: bytecodeBuffer`,
-  `  });`,
-  `  if (script.cachedDataRejected) {`,
-  `    throw new Error("Invalid or incompatible cached data (cachedDataRejected)");`,
-  `  }`,
-  `  const require = function (id) {`,
-  `    return module.require(id);`,
-  `  };`,
-  `  require.resolve = function (request, options) {`,
-  `    return Module._resolveFilename(request, module, false, options);`,
-  `  };`,
-  `  if (process.mainModule) {`,
-  `    require.main = process.mainModule;`,
-  `  }`,
-  `  require.extensions = Module._extensions;`,
-  `  require.cache = Module._cache;`,
-  `  const compiledWrapper = script.runInThisContext({`,
-  `    filename: filename,`,
-  `    lineOffset: 0,`,
-  `    columnOffset: 0,`,
-  `    displayErrors: true`,
-  `  });`,
-  `  const dirname = path.dirname(filename);`,
-  `  const args = [module.exports, require, module, filename, dirname, process, global];`,
-  `  return compiledWrapper.apply(module.exports, args);`,
-  `};`
+  '"use strict";',
+  'const fs = require("node:fs");',
+  'const path = require("node:path");',
+  'const vm = require("node:vm");',
+  'const v8 = require("node:v8");',
+  'const Module = require("node:module");',
+  'v8.setFlagsFromString("--no-lazy");',
+  'v8.setFlagsFromString("--no-flush-bytecode");',
+  'const params = ["exports", "require", "module", "__filename", "__dirname"];',
+  'Module._extensions[".jsc"] = Module._extensions[".cjsc"] = function (module, filename) {',
+  '  const data = fs.readFileSync(filename);',
+  '  if (data.length <= 28 || data.toString("ascii", 0, 8) !== "EVBC0001") {',
+  '    throw new Error("Invalid electron-vite bytecode format; rebuild the application: " + filename);',
+  '  }',
+  '  const length = data.readUInt32LE(8);',
+  '  const tag = "/*" + data.subarray(12, 28).toString("hex") + "*/";',
+  '  if (length < tag.length || length > 0x1fffffff) {',
+  '    throw new Error("Invalid bytecode source length: " + filename);',
+  '  }',
+  '  const placeholder = tag + " ".repeat(length - tag.length);',
+  '  const compiledWrapper = vm.compileFunction(placeholder, params, {',
+  '    filename,',
+  '    cachedData: data.subarray(28)',
+  '  });',
+  '  if (compiledWrapper.cachedDataRejected) {',
+  '    throw new Error("Invalid or incompatible cached data (cachedDataRejected): " + filename);',
+  '  }',
+  '  const require = function (id) { return module.require(id); };',
+  '  require.resolve = function (request, options) {',
+  '    return Module._resolveFilename(request, module, false, options);',
+  '  };',
+  '  if (process.mainModule) require.main = process.mainModule;',
+  '  require.extensions = Module._extensions;',
+  '  require.cache = Module._cache;',
+  '  return compiledWrapper.call(module.exports, module.exports, require, module, filename, path.dirname(filename));',
+  '};'
 ]
 
 const bytecodeChunkExtensionRE = /.(jsc|cjsc)$/
 
 export interface BytecodeOptions {
-  chunkAlias?: string | string[]
+  chunkAlias?: string | string[] | RegExp
   transformArrowFunctions?: boolean
   removeBundleJS?: boolean
   protectedStrings?: string[]
@@ -159,21 +91,24 @@ export function bytecodePlugin(options: BytecodeOptions = {}): Plugin | null {
   }
 
   const { chunkAlias = [], transformArrowFunctions = true, removeBundleJS = true, protectedStrings = [] } = options
-  const _chunkAlias = Array.isArray(chunkAlias) ? chunkAlias : [chunkAlias]
+  const _chunkAlias = chunkAlias instanceof RegExp ? chunkAlias : Array.isArray(chunkAlias) ? chunkAlias : [chunkAlias]
 
-  const transformAllChunks = _chunkAlias.length === 0
   const isBytecodeChunk = (chunkName: string): boolean => {
-    return transformAllChunks || _chunkAlias.some(alias => alias === chunkName)
+    if (_chunkAlias instanceof RegExp) {
+      _chunkAlias.lastIndex = 0
+      return _chunkAlias.test(chunkName)
+    }
+    return _chunkAlias.length === 0 || _chunkAlias.some(alias => alias === chunkName)
   }
 
-  const plugins: babel.PluginItem[] = []
+  const plugins: Babel.PluginItem[] = []
 
   if (transformArrowFunctions) {
     plugins.push('@babel/plugin-transform-arrow-functions')
   }
 
   if (protectedStrings.length > 0) {
-    plugins.push([protectStringsPlugin, { protectedStrings: new Set(protectedStrings) }])
+    plugins.push([protectStringsPlugin as Babel.PluginTarget, { protectedStrings: new Set(protectedStrings) }])
   }
 
   const shouldTransformBytecodeChunk = plugins.length !== 0
@@ -182,33 +117,37 @@ export function bytecodePlugin(options: BytecodeOptions = {}): Plugin | null {
     code: string,
     sourceMaps: boolean = false
   ): { code: string; map?: Rolldown.SourceMapInput } | null => {
-    const re = babel.transform(code, { plugins, sourceMaps })
-    return re ? { code: re.code || '', map: re.map } : null
+    babel ??= require('@babel/core') as typeof Babel
+    const re = babel.transformSync(code, { plugins, sourceMaps })
+    return re ? { code: re.code || '', map: re.map as Rolldown.SourceMapInput } : null
   }
 
   const useStrict = '"use strict";'
   const bytecodeModuleLoader = 'bytecode-loader.cjs'
 
   let supported = false
+  let isPreload = false
+  let bytecodeCompiler: BytecodeCompiler | undefined
 
   return {
     name: 'vite:bytecode',
     apply: 'build',
     enforce: 'post',
     configResolved(config): void {
+      bytecodeCompiler = getBytecodeCompiler(config.plugins)
       if (supported) {
         return
       }
-      const useInRenderer = config.plugins.some(p => p.name === 'vite:electron-renderer-preset-config')
+      isPreload = config.plugins.some(p => p.name === 'vite:electron-preload-config-preset')
+      const useInRenderer = config.plugins.some(p => p.name === 'vite:electron-renderer-config-preset')
       if (useInRenderer) {
         config.logger.warn(colors.yellow('bytecodePlugin does not support renderer.'))
         return
       }
       const build = config.build
-      const resolvedOutputs = resolveBuildOutputs(build.rolldownOptions.output, build.lib)
-      if (resolvedOutputs) {
-        const outputs = Array.isArray(resolvedOutputs) ? resolvedOutputs : [resolvedOutputs]
+      const outputs = resolveBuildOutputs(build.rolldownOptions.output, build.lib)
       const output = outputs[0]
+      if (output) {
         if (output.format === 'es') {
           config.logger.warn(
             colors.yellow(
@@ -253,8 +192,10 @@ export function bytecodePlugin(options: BytecodeOptions = {}): Plugin | null {
 
       const bundles = Object.keys(output)
 
-      await Promise.all(
-        bundles.map(async name => {
+      if (!bytecodeCompiler) {
+        throw new Error('Bytecode compilation requires an electron-vite build')
+      }
+      for (const name of bundles) {
         const chunk = output[name]
         if (chunk.type === 'chunk') {
           let _code = chunk.code
@@ -274,7 +215,7 @@ export function bytecodePlugin(options: BytecodeOptions = {}): Plugin | null {
             }
           }
           if (bytecodeChunks.includes(name)) {
-              const bytecodeBuffer = await compileToBytecode(_code)
+            const bytecodeBuffer = await compileToBytecode(bytecodeCompiler, isPreload ? 'preload' : 'main', _code)
             this.emitFile({
               type: 'asset',
               fileName: name + 'c',
@@ -312,18 +253,18 @@ export function bytecodePlugin(options: BytecodeOptions = {}): Plugin | null {
                   for (const importerId of dynamicImporters) idsToHandle.add(importerId)
                 }
               }
-                _code = hasBytecodeMoudle
-                  ? _code.replace(
-                      /("use strict";)|('use strict';)/,
-                      `${useStrict}\n${getBytecodeLoaderBlock(chunk.fileName)}`
-                    )
-                  : _code
+              if (hasBytecodeMoudle) {
+                const loader = getBytecodeLoaderBlock(chunk.fileName)
+                const strictRE = /^(#![^\n]*\n)?(["'])use strict\2;/
+                _code = strictRE.test(_code)
+                  ? _code.replace(strictRE, `$&\n${loader}`)
+                  : _code.replace(/^(#![^\n]*\n)?/, `$&${loader}\n`)
+              }
             }
             chunk.code = _code
           }
         }
-        })
-      )
+      }
 
       if (bytecodeChunkCount && !_chunks.some(ass => ass.type === 'asset' && ass.fileName === bytecodeModuleLoader)) {
         this.emitFile({
@@ -343,25 +284,14 @@ export function bytecodePlugin(options: BytecodeOptions = {}): Plugin | null {
   }
 }
 
-function resolveBuildOutputs(
-  outputs: Rolldown.OutputOptions | Rolldown.OutputOptions[] | undefined,
-  libOptions: LibraryOptions | false
-): Rolldown.OutputOptions | Rolldown.OutputOptions[] | undefined {
-  if (libOptions && !Array.isArray(outputs)) {
-    const libFormats = libOptions.formats || []
-    return libFormats.map(format => ({ ...outputs, format }))
-  }
-  return outputs
-}
-
-interface ProtectStringsPluginState extends babel.PluginPass {
+interface ProtectStringsPluginState extends Babel.PluginPass {
   opts: { protectedStrings: Set<string> }
 }
 
-function protectStringsPlugin(api: typeof babel & babel.ConfigAPI): babel.PluginObj<ProtectStringsPluginState> {
+function protectStringsPlugin(api: typeof Babel & Babel.ConfigAPI): Babel.PluginObj<ProtectStringsPluginState> {
   const { types: t } = api
 
-  function createFromCharCodeFunction(value: string): babel.types.CallExpression {
+  function createFromCharCodeFunction(value: string): Babel.types.CallExpression {
     const charCodes = Array.from(value).map(s => s.charCodeAt(0))
     const charCodeLiterals = charCodes.map(code => t.numericLiteral(code))
 

src/plugins/electron.ts

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import path from 'node:path'
 import fs from 'node:fs'
 import { builtinModules } from 'node:module'
 import colors from 'picocolors'
-import { type Plugin, type LibraryOptions, type Rolldown, mergeConfig, normalizePath } from 'vite'
+import { type Plugin, type UserConfig, mergeConfig, normalizePath } from 'vite'
 import { getElectronNodeTarget, getElectronChromeTarget, supportESM } from '../electron'
-import { loadPackageData } from '../utils'
+import { loadPackageData, resolveBuildOutputs } from '../utils'
 
 export interface ElectronPluginOptions {
   root?: string
@@ -38,17 +38,6 @@ function processEnvDefine(): Record<string, string> {
   }
 }
 
-function resolveBuildOutputs(
-  outputs: Rolldown.OutputOptions | Rolldown.OutputOptions[] | undefined,
-  libOptions: LibraryOptions | false
-): Rolldown.OutputOptions | Rolldown.OutputOptions[] | undefined {
-  if (libOptions && !Array.isArray(outputs)) {
-    const libFormats = libOptions.formats || []
-    return libFormats.map(format => ({ ...outputs, format }))
-  }
-  return outputs
-}
-
 export function electronMainConfigPresetPlugin(options?: ElectronPluginOptions): Plugin {
   return {
     name: 'vite:electron-main-config-preset',
@@ -64,11 +53,6 @@ export function electronMainConfigPresetPlugin(options?: ElectronPluginOptions):
       const format = pkg.type && pkg.type === 'module' && supportESM() ? 'es' : 'cjs'
 
       const defaultConfig = {
-        resolve: {
-          browserField: false,
-          mainFields: ['module', 'jsnext:main', 'jsnext'],
-          conditions: ['node']
-        },
         build: {
           outDir: path.resolve(root, 'out', 'main'),
           target: nodeTarget,
@@ -80,7 +64,7 @@ export function electronMainConfigPresetPlugin(options?: ElectronPluginOptions):
           reportCompressedSize: false,
           minify: false
         }
-      }
+      } satisfies UserConfig
 
       const build = config.build || {}
       const rolldownOptions = build.rolldownOptions || {}
@@ -106,8 +90,6 @@ export function electronMainConfigPresetPlugin(options?: ElectronPluginOptions):
       const buildConfig = mergeConfig(defaultConfig.build, build)
       config.build = buildConfig
 
-      config.resolve = mergeConfig(defaultConfig.resolve, config.resolve || {})
-
       config.define = config.define || {}
       config.define = { ...processEnvDefine(), ...config.define }
 
@@ -155,16 +137,15 @@ export function electronMainConfigValidatorPlugin(): Plugin {
         )
       }
 
-      const resolvedOutputs = resolveBuildOutputs(rolldownOptions.output, libOptions)
+      const outputs = resolveBuildOutputs(rolldownOptions.output, libOptions)
 
-      if (resolvedOutputs) {
-        const outputs = Array.isArray(resolvedOutputs) ? resolvedOutputs : [resolvedOutputs]
+      if (outputs.length > 0) {
         if (outputs.length > 1) {
           throw new Error('The electron vite main config does not support multiple outputs.')
         } else {
-          const outpout = outputs[0]
-          if (['es', 'cjs'].includes(outpout.format || '')) {
-            if (outpout.format === 'es' && !supportESM()) {
+          const output = outputs[0]
+          if (['es', 'cjs'].includes(output.format || '')) {
+            if (output.format === 'es' && !supportESM()) {
               throw new Error(
                 'The electron vite main config output format does not support "es", ' +
                   'you can upgrade electron to the latest version or switch to "cjs" format.'
@@ -213,7 +194,7 @@ export function electronPreloadConfigPresetPlugin(options?: ElectronPluginOption
           reportCompressedSize: false,
           minify: false
         }
-      }
+      } satisfies UserConfig
 
       const build = config.build || {}
       const rolldownOptions = build.rolldownOptions || {}
@@ -239,12 +220,9 @@ export function electronPreloadConfigPresetPlugin(options?: ElectronPluginOption
       const buildConfig = mergeConfig(defaultConfig.build, build)
       config.build = buildConfig
 
-      const resolvedOutputs = resolveBuildOutputs(config.build.rolldownOptions!.output, config.build.lib || false)
+      const outputs = resolveBuildOutputs(config.build.rolldownOptions!.output, config.build.lib)
 
-      if (resolvedOutputs) {
-        const outputs = Array.isArray(resolvedOutputs) ? resolvedOutputs : [resolvedOutputs]
-
-        if (outputs.find(({ format }) => format === 'es')) {
+      if (outputs.some(({ format }) => format === 'es')) {
         if (Array.isArray(config.build.rolldownOptions!.output)) {
           config.build.rolldownOptions!.output.forEach(output => {
             if (output.format === 'es') {
@@ -259,7 +237,6 @@ export function electronPreloadConfigPresetPlugin(options?: ElectronPluginOption
             : path.posix.join(build.assetsDir || defaultConfig.build.assetsDir, '[name]-[hash].mjs')
         }
       }
-      }
 
       config.define = config.define || {}
       config.define = { ...processEnvDefine(), ...config.define }
@@ -309,16 +286,15 @@ export function electronPreloadConfigValidatorPlugin(): Plugin {
         )
       }
 
-      const resolvedOutputs = resolveBuildOutputs(rolldownOptions.output, libOptions)
+      const outputs = resolveBuildOutputs(rolldownOptions.output, libOptions)
 
-      if (resolvedOutputs) {
-        const outputs = Array.isArray(resolvedOutputs) ? resolvedOutputs : [resolvedOutputs]
+      if (outputs.length > 0) {
         if (outputs.length > 1) {
           throw new Error('The electron vite preload config does not support multiple outputs.')
         } else {
-          const outpout = outputs[0]
-          if (['es', 'cjs'].includes(outpout.format || '')) {
-            if (outpout.format === 'es' && !supportESM()) {
+          const output = outputs[0]
+          if (['es', 'cjs'].includes(output.format || '')) {
+            if (output.format === 'es' && !supportESM()) {
               throw new Error(
                 'The electron vite preload config output format does not support "es", ' +
                   'you can upgrade electron to the latest version or switch to "cjs" format.'
@@ -372,7 +348,7 @@ export function electronRendererConfigPresetPlugin(options?: ElectronPluginOptio
           minify: false,
           emptyOutDir: emptyOutDir()
         }
-      }
+      } satisfies UserConfig
 
       if (config.build?.outDir) {
         config.build.outDir = path.resolve(root, config.build.outDir)

src/plugins/esmShim.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,4 @@
-/*
- * The core of this plugin was conceived by pi0 and is taken from the following repository:
- * https://github.com/unjs/unbuild/blob/main/src/builder/plugins/cjs.ts
- * license: https://github.com/unjs/unbuild/blob/main/LICENSE
- */
-
 import MagicString from 'magic-string'
-import type { SourceMapInput } from 'rollup'
 import type { Plugin } from 'vite'
 
 import { supportImportMetaPaths } from '../electron'
@@ -14,37 +7,22 @@ const CJSyntaxRe = /__filename|__dirname|require\(|require\.resolve\(/
 
 const CJSShim_normal = `
 // -- CommonJS Shims --
-import __cjs_url__ from 'node:url';
-import __cjs_path__ from 'node:path';
-import __cjs_mod__ from 'node:module';
-const __filename = __cjs_url__.fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
-const __dirname = __cjs_path__.dirname(__filename);
-const require = __cjs_mod__.createRequire(import.meta.url);
+import __shims_url__ from 'node:url';
+import __shims_path__ from 'node:path';
+import __shims_module__ from 'node:module';
+const __filename = __shims_url__.fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
+const __dirname = __shims_path__.dirname(__filename);
+const require = __shims_module__.createRequire(import.meta.url);
 `
 
 const CJSShim_node_20_11 = `
 // -- CommonJS Shims --
-import __cjs_mod__ from 'node:module';
+import __shims_module__ from 'node:module';
 const __filename = import.meta.filename;
 const __dirname = import.meta.dirname;
-const require = __cjs_mod__.createRequire(import.meta.url);
+const require = __shims_module__.createRequire(import.meta.url);
 `
 
-const ESMStaticImportRe =
-  /(?<=\s|^|;)import\s*([\s"']*(?<imports>[\p{L}\p{M}\w\t\n\r $*,/{}@.]+)from\s*)?["']\s*(?<specifier>(?<="\s*)[^"]*[^\s"](?=\s*")|(?<='\s*)[^']*[^\s'](?=\s*'))\s*["'][\s;]*/gmu
-
-interface StaticImport {
-  end: number
-}
-
-function findStaticImports(code: string): StaticImport[] {
-  const matches: StaticImport[] = []
-  for (const match of code.matchAll(ESMStaticImportRe)) {
-    matches.push({ end: (match.index || 0) + match[0].length })
-  }
-  return matches
-}
-
 export default function esmShimPlugin(): Plugin {
   const CJSShim = supportImportMetaPaths() ? CJSShim_node_20_11 : CJSShim_normal
 
@@ -52,13 +30,16 @@ export default function esmShimPlugin(): Plugin {
     name: 'vite:esm-shim',
     apply: 'build',
     enforce: 'post',
-    renderChunk(code, _chunk, { format, sourcemap }): { code: string; map?: SourceMapInput } | null {
+    renderChunk(code, _chunk, { format, sourcemap }) {
       if (format === 'es') {
+        // Rolldown may remove unused shim bindings after this hook; referenced bindings remain available.
         if (code.includes(CJSShim) || !CJSyntaxRe.test(code)) {
           return null
         }
 
-        const lastESMImport = findStaticImports(code).pop()
+        const lastESMImport = this.parse(code)
+          .body.filter(node => node.type === 'ImportDeclaration')
+          .pop()
         const indexToAppend = lastESMImport ? lastESMImport.end : 0
         const s = new MagicString(code)
         s.appendRight(indexToAppend, CJSShim)

src/plugins/swc.ts

@@ -83,8 +83,12 @@ export function swcPlugin(options: SwcOptions = {}): Plugin {
   return {
     name: 'vite:swc',
     config(): UserConfig {
+      // Vite 8 defaults to Oxc for transform; `esbuild: false` is ignored and
+      // warns. SWC replaces both paths when this plugin is active.
+      // See https://github.com/alex8088/electron-vite/issues/916
       return {
-        esbuild: false
+        esbuild: false,
+        oxc: false
       }
     },
     async configResolved(resolvedConfig): Promise<void> {
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ export function swcPlugin(options: SwcOptions = {}): Plugin {
       }
     },
     async renderChunk(code, chunk): Promise<null | { code: string; map: SourceMap }> {
-      if (!minify || minify === 'terser') {
+      if (!minify || minify === 'terser' || minify === 'oxc') {
         return null
       }
       const result = await transformWithSWC(code, chunk.fileName, {

src/plugins/worker.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import type { Plugin } from 'vite'
-import type { SourceMapInput } from 'rollup'
 import MagicString from 'magic-string'
 import { cleanUrl, toRelativePath } from '../utils'
 
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ export default function workerPlugin(): Plugin {
         }
       }
     },
-    renderChunk(code, chunk, { sourcemap }): { code: string; map: SourceMapInput } | null {
+    renderChunk(code, chunk, { sourcemap }) {
       let match: RegExpExecArray | null
       let s: MagicString | undefined
 

src/utils.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import path from 'node:path'
 import fs from 'node:fs'
 import { createHash } from 'node:crypto'
 import { createRequire } from 'node:module'
-import { loadEnv as viteLoadEnv } from 'vite'
+import { type LibraryOptions, type Rolldown, loadEnv as viteLoadEnv } from 'vite'
 
 export function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
   return Object.prototype.toString.call(value) === '[object Object]'
@@ -32,6 +32,23 @@ export function toRelativePath(filename: string, importer: string): string {
   return relPath.startsWith('.') ? relPath : `./${relPath}`
 }
 
+/**
+ * Resolve configured build outputs into an array.
+ */
+export function resolveBuildOutputs(
+  outputs: Rolldown.OutputOptions | Rolldown.OutputOptions[] | undefined,
+  libOptions: LibraryOptions | false | undefined
+): Rolldown.OutputOptions[] {
+  if (Array.isArray(outputs)) {
+    return outputs
+  }
+  if (libOptions) {
+    const libFormats = libOptions.formats || []
+    return libFormats.map(format => ({ ...outputs, format }))
+  }
+  return outputs ? [outputs] : []
+}
+
 /**
  * Load `.env` files within the `envDir` (default: `process.cwd()`) .
  * By default, only env variables prefixed with `VITE_`, `MAIN_VITE_`, `PRELOAD_VITE_` and
@@ -112,6 +129,59 @@ export function deepClone<T>(value: T): DeepWritable<T> {
   return value as DeepWritable<T>
 }
 
+/**
+ * Isolate configuration data without cloning plugins or runtime instances.
+ * Plugins may capture their own object in hooks, so their identity must survive.
+ */
+export function cloneConfig<T>(config: T): T {
+  const seen = new WeakMap<object, unknown>()
+  const pluginArrays = new WeakMap<object, unknown>()
+
+  function clone(value: unknown, plugins = false): unknown {
+    if (value === null || typeof value !== 'object') return value
+
+    const cache = plugins ? pluginArrays : seen
+    if (cache.has(value)) return cache.get(value)
+
+    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+      const result: unknown[] = new Array(value.length)
+      cache.set(value, result)
+      value.forEach((item, index) => {
+        result[index] = clone(item, plugins)
+      })
+      return result
+    }
+
+    // Preserve plugin objects, promises and other opaque plugin options.
+    if (plugins) return value
+
+    if (value instanceof RegExp) {
+      const result = new RegExp(value)
+      result.lastIndex = value.lastIndex
+      cache.set(value, result)
+      return result
+    }
+
+    const prototype = Object.getPrototypeOf(value)
+    if (prototype !== Object.prototype && prototype !== null) return value
+
+    const result = Object.create(prototype) as Record<PropertyKey, unknown>
+    cache.set(value, result)
+    for (const key of Reflect.ownKeys(value)) {
+      if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(value, key)) continue
+      Object.defineProperty(result, key, {
+        value: clone((value as Record<PropertyKey, unknown>)[key], key === 'plugins'),
+        enumerable: true,
+        configurable: true,
+        writable: true
+      })
+    }
+    return result
+  }
+
+  return clone(config) as T
+}
+
 type AsyncFlatten<T extends unknown[]> = T extends (infer U)[] ? Exclude<Awaited<U>, U[]>[] : never
 
 export async function asyncFlatten<T extends unknown[]>(arr: T): Promise<AsyncFlatten<T>> {